Various E-Marketing Tools - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2519 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction The spectacular development of the internet has triggered much interest in different areas such as marketing. Businesses are experimenting with this new type of technology to support their commercial activities. There are various e-marketing tools available to e-marketers. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast various e-marketing tools currently being used by e-marketers. In order to achieve this objective, this paper will discuss the following four e-marketing tools that are being used widely: search engine optimisation, pay per-click, Web 2.0, and online social networks. Finally this paper will draw conclusions from the discussions. Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) SEO is a way of building traffic via organic search results. The content will rank higher in the search engines if it is better and more popular (Suarez, 2005). Hard work and dedication are required for this type of online marketing, because its a long and arduous process to position the website and its content at the top of the search engine page (Palmer and Koenig-Lewis, 2009). No website really ventures past the first page of any search engine, but if the website is optimised for SEO, then it will begin to appear more obviously on the first page of search engines like Google (Whitla, 2009). Consumers respect and trust organic results more as sources of information than paid search results; consequently they are more likely to click on an organic result compared to a paid search result (Trusov et al., 2009). A study showed that 95% of search engine users chose to click on organic results, while only 6% clicked on paid results (Wang and Zhang, 2012). This divergence can be expl ained by the fact that many search engine users have selective blindness towards paid search results (Jobber, 2010). The mind of a search engine user considers organic results that appear at the top of the search engine results page as credible. This depicted credibility gives the user faith in the content, products and services (Pang and Lee, 2008). If the content is relevant even after a long period of time and a search engine still ranks it high because of optimisation, then the content will stay at the top of the search engine results page for a very long time (Armbrust et al., 2010). Therefore, SEO is a means to keep the content pertinent and at the forefront of the companys target audience long after they were created. This is why, SEO is better than Pay-Per Click (PPC), because PPC will fall off the radar engines once the payment of fees is stopped (Armbrust et al., 2010). Armbrust et al. (2010) argue that the return on investment of the website will continue to rise with SEO, whereas with PPC it will reach a certain point and then become stagnant. This is because SEO pages click through-rates continue for an extended period of time, whereas PPC only has the ability to funnel clicks and convert them to sales for a short period of time. Once the payment of fees for PPC is stopped, the click through-rates will fall and the return on investment will drop proportionately. Boa-Ventura and Zagalo (2010) suggest that start-up businesses with shoestring budgets should go for SEO to promote their contents, because SEO is free of charge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Various E-Marketing Tools" essay for you Create order Pay-Per Click PPC is a way of presenting the content to the target audience by paying for advertising space in the sponsored results section of search engine results page (Bruns, 2008). The company pays a fee for the click, once a viewer clicks on the advert and arrives on the web page. PPC can be done through various advertising networks like Google AdWords, Yahoo Advertising Marketing, Google AdSense and infolinks. PPC produces instant results, whereas SEO takes time and commitment before results begin to appear (Bampo et al., 2008). This is because, once the fees for PPC is paid, the link to the website will appear on the first page of the search engine. If a company wants to promote time sensitive contents such as product and service offers, the PPC is the most effective way of diverting consumers to the companys website (Clarke, 2008). Moreover, PPC enables a company to get its content out when the market is full of authority websites that even the most effective SEO cannot displace (Bam po et al., 2008). The conversion rates of PPC are higher than SEO, because search engine users who click on paid advertisement have the intention to make a purchase (Cook, 2008). This means visitors who arrive at the website through a paid advertisement are more likely to buy the companys products than those arriving through organic results. Also, calculation of the return on investment of the website is easier with PPC than with SEO (Armbrust et al., 2010). PPC allows the website to be promoted only to target segments. With PPC, it is possible for a company to market its products or services to people based on their gender, age, education level, income bracket and marital status (Easley and Kleinberg, 2010). Therefore, the companys financial resources are not wasted advertising on the website to visitors who are uninterested in the products and have no intention to make a purchase. With SEO, a website can lose its ranking if the SEO algorithms used by search engines are updated (Cook, 2008). Cook (2008) claims that PPC is not in any way affected by SEO algorithm updates. He goes on to argue that companies using PPC do not need to worry about losing traffic and the revenue that is generated by that traffic. Web 2.0 Blogs, wikis, RSS and social references are examples of internet technology and applications that are referred to as Web 2.0 (Turban et al., 2008). Web 2.0 expands social users and business participants experience, knowledge and market intelligence (Mata and Quesada, 2014). It does so through online applications that are open-source, interactive and user controlled. Web 2.0 supports informal user networks creation through the facilitation of ideas and knowledge flows, thus allowing generation and dissemination of market intelligence (Constantinides and Fountain, 2008). Various Web 2.0 applications are used to allow the exchange of information between users (Constantinides and Fountain, 2008). For example, websites allow the presentation of information, blogs allow various authors to post items or texts in chronological order on the same website, wikis allow collaborative creation and editing of web pages, chats allow synchronous conversation over the internet, RSS or atom syndic ation mechanisms allow retransmission of web information sources, podcasts allow distribution multimedia files, and mashups allow amalgamation of content from various websites (Mata and Quesada, 2014). Examples of websites using Web 2.0 applications include: Blogger, Facebook, Flickr, Google Docs, LinkedIn, Picasa, Skype, Twitter, Wikipedia, WordPress, and YouTube. These sites allow users to directly create and share information in various forms such as text, photos, and videos, hence facilitating communication and interaction between users (Mata and Quesada, 2014). Surowiecki (2004) describes collective intelligence as peoples knowledge and experience that those people gain and share within social contexts. The exploitation of collective intelligence is the most important aspects of Web 2.0 applications. Companies which exploited collective intelligence survived the dot-com bubble and now lead the Web 2.0 era (OReilly, 2007). However, Turban et al. (2008) question the collective intelligence in Web 2.0 applications due to lack of ability to verify the quality of the content and integrity of the users. Turban et al. (2008) argue that there is a risk that Web 2.0 applications may harness some poor quality information created and shared by its users. The above argument derives from the reality that maintaining editorial control over information created and shared on the internet is extremely difficult. Mata and Quesada (2014) argue that despite the lack of editorial control, the risk of poor quality information is manageable, especially in Web 2.0 sites that have high volume of users and specialise in providing information services. A study carried out by Giles (2005) established that the quality of information posted on Wikipedia is as good as those of the Encyclopaedia Britannicas. Moore (2009) echoes with this conclusion and reports that the Encyclopaedia Britannica has decided to let the public write articles in its online edition because of the success a nd popularity of Wikipedia. Online Social Networks An online social network is a web-based service that allows users to: 1) create a personal profile, 2) connect their profiles with other individuals profiles with whom they have formed social relationships both online and offline, and 3) view profiles linked to their connections, recursively (Boyd and Ellison, 2007). Boyd and Ellison (2007) state that an online social networks aim is to enable its users to articulate and make clear their existing offline social networks online, not the possibility to meet new people. Therefore, online social networks main purpose is to facilitate communication and relation among their users who are part of those social contexts (Mata and Quesada, 2014). Online social networks have received much attention because they have made the real social networks more visible and quantifiable, and also they have been accepted as important tools of mass communication, especially to influence others, create and disseminate news (Constantinides and Fountain, 2008 ; Boyd and Ellison, 2007). Web 2.0 has already demonstrated that its consequences are beyond technology and it has an effect on consumers, which affects strategy and marketing (Constantinides and Fountain, 2008). Therefore, from a marketing point of view, it is important to analyse online social networks effect on businesses. McAfee (2009) states that groupware or CSCW (computer-supported collaborative work) is a common perspective that relates to the use of online social networks in business. Ellis et al. (1991) claim that groupware enables communication, collaboration, and co-ordination, which is called the 3C model. To explain the use of online social networks for marketing, the following two perspectives are useful: market perspective and community perspective. This paper will only discuss market perspective because community perspective is not as evident in e-marketing as market perspective these days. The market perspective considers the number of users on high traffic o nline social networks as a potential market. Several such networks have tremendous amount of users, which presents valuable opportunities for businesses to promote their brands and products (Mata and Quesada, 2014). An analysis of 47 Web 2.0 case studies carried out by Dooley et al. (2012) concluded that market perspective related principles, such as behaviour change, segmentation and targeting, are evident in those cases. Therefore, the market perspective seems to be in widespread use when considering Web 2.0 applications for marketing. However, it is very important to recognise that not all consumers have accepted online social networks. Young consumers are the main users of online social networks, followed by mainstream online consumers and professionals who have realised that Web 2.0 applications empower them (Constantinides and Fountain, 2008). Furthermore, most existing online social networks have target segments and they still attend to those segments despite all the chang es that they have gone through in recent times (Rysdam, 2010). Target segments of Facebook and LinkedIn are university students and professionals, whereas target segment of MySpace is young people which are music fans (Boyd and Ellison, 2007). Therefore, it is very important to understand the target demographics of online social networks in order to properly use them according to the market perspective (Mata and Quesada, 2014). Conclusion This paper suggests that start-up businesses with shoestring budgets should choose SEO to promote their products and services. However, companies which have financial resources and want to carry out highly targeted campaigns should go for PPC. SEO offers long term search marketing on a budget, while PPC generates quick traffic streams that are required for high converting products. This paper finds that Web 2.0 is only useful if it exploits collective intelligence that is of good quality. This paper warns that marketing through an online social network can only be successful if the companys target segment matches with that of the online social network. Therefore, this paper recommends that a company should combine these marketing tools and use each tool according to the current needs of the company. References Armbrust, M., Fox, A., Griffith, R., Joseph, A.D., Katz, R., Konwinski, A., Lee, G., Patterson, D., Rabkin, A., Stoica, I., and Zaharia, M. (2010) A view of cloud computing, Communications of the ACM, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 50-58. Bampo, M., Ewing, M., Mather, D., Stewart, D., and Wallace, M. (2008) The effects of the social structure of digital networks on viral marketing performance, Information Systems Research, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 273-290. Boa-Ventura, A. and Zagalo, N. (2010) Editorial: Ecommerce in virtual worlds a just do it approach?, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. I-II. Boyd, D.M. and Ellison, N.B. (2007) Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 210-230. Bruns, A. (2008) Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life and beyond: From Production to Produsage, New York: Peter Lang Publishing. Clarke, R. (2008) Web 2.0 as syndication, Jou rnal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 30-43. Constantinides, E. and Fountain, S. (2008) Web 2.0: Conceptual foundations and marketing issues, Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 231-244. Cook, N. (2008) Enterprise 2.0: How Social Network Will Change the Future of Work, Hampshire: Gower Publishing. Dooley, J., Jones, S.C. and Iverson, D. (2012) Web 2.0: an assessment of social marketing principles, Journal of Social Marketing, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 207-221. Easley, D. and Kleinberg, J. (2010) Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World, Cambridge: University Press. Ellis, C.A., Gibbs, S.J. and Rein, G.L. (1991) Groupware Some issues and experiences, Communications of the ACM, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 38-58. Giles, J. (2005) Internet encyclopeadias go head to head, Nature, vol. 438, no. 7070, pp. 900-901. Jobber, D. (2010) Principles and Practice of Marke ting, London: McGraw-Hill Education. Mata, F.J. and Quesada, A. (2014) Web 2.0, Social Networks and E-commerce as Marketing Tools, Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, vol.9, no.1. McAfee, A. (2009) Enterprise 2.0: New Collaborative Tools for your Organizations Toughest Challenges, Boston: Harvard Business Press. Moore, M., (2009) Encyclopaedia Britannica fights back against Wikipedia, Telegraph, Online. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/4318176/Encyclopaedia-Britannica-fights-back-against-Wikipedia.html [accessed on 24/5/2015]. OReilly, T. (2007) What is web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software, Communications Strategies, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 17-37. Palmer, A. and Koenig-Lewis, N. (2009) An experiential, social network-based approach to direct marketing, Direct Marketing: An International Journal, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 162-176. Pang, B. and Lee, L. (2008) Opinion min ing and sentiment analysis, Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, vol. 2, no. 1-2, pp. 1-135. Suarez, F. (2005) Network effects revisited: The role of strong ties in technology selection, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 710-720. Surowiecki, J. (2004) The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations, London: Abacus. Trusov, M., Bucklin, R. and Pauwels, K. (2009) Effects of word of mouth versus traditional marketing: Findings from an Internet social networking site, Journal of Marketing, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 90-102. Turban, E., King, D., McKay, J., Marshall, P., Lee, J., and Viehland, D. (2008) Electronic Commerce 2008: A Managerial Perspective, New Jersey: Pearson. Rysdam, P.V. (2010) Marketing in a Web 2.0 World: Using Social Media, Webinars, Blogs, and More to Boost Your Small Business on a Budget, Florida: Atlantic Publishing Group. Wang, C. and Zha ng, P. (2012) The evolution of social commerce: The people, management, technology, and information dimensions, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 31, no. 1-23, pp. 105-108. Whitla, P. (2009) Crowdsourcing and its application in marketing activities, Contemporary Management Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp.15-28.

A Poetical Analysis of Queen¡¯S Bohemian Rhapsody

A Poetical Analysis of Queen ¡Ã‚ ¯s Bohemian Rhapsody This paper looks at Queen ¡Ã‚ ¯s Bohemian Rhapsody from a poetic perspective. Bohemian Rhapsody was written in 1975 by the British rock band Queen, whose lead singer Freddie Mercury died in 1991 from AIDS. The song is one of the world ¡Ã‚ ¯s most popular all-time songs. It is an epic work that belongs to the musical genre  ¡Ã‚ ®Rock-Opera ¡Ã‚ ¯. The song is part of the band ¡Ã‚ ¯s Night at the Opera album that was released in 1975. This period is the so-called  ¡Ã‚ ®Golden Era ¡Ã‚ ¯ for Queen in which they came to be known as amongst the best in the music business. There are a number of possible themes to Bohemian Rhapsody. It could be about the singer ¡Ã‚ ¯s religion. Freddie Mercury ¡Ã‚ ¯s religion was  ¡Ã‚ ®Zoroastrianism ¡Ã‚ ¯.†¦show more content†¦anyone can see till the end shows an almost textbook example of this. Note the difference between ritardando and rubato. The latter is a whole branch of musicology and studies the way a performer should increase or decrease the tempo in certain moments from a musical work. For instance, Chopins pieces usually require such approach although he never put down in writing where he wanted to hurry up and where he wanted to slow down. Thats why rubato is one of the most sophisticated techniques in music and demands a quite considerable musical sense and talent. In  ¡Ã‚ °Bohemian Rhapsody ¡Ã‚ ± certain chord progressions are used frequently. The heavy and looped use of such chord progressions often results in a very predictable song. For certain listeners this is good, and it even helps them to memorize the piece. For many others, though, the clich ¨Ã‚ ¦-based songs get boring very quickly, especially if the melody is also predictable. Queen use a very limited and tasteful use of clich ¨Ã‚ ¦s, a very nice example of this is Bohemian Rhapsody and the clich ¨Ã‚ ¦s in the verses. The tone and mood of Bohemian Rhapsody varies throughout the song. It begins with a slow and pitiful chorus that only murmuringly hints of the possible explosion later. Mercury ¡Ã‚ ¯s first verse gradually builds  ¨C it is interesting to note the emphasis he gives to the word  ¡Ã‚ °Mama ¡Ã‚ ± not only in this verse but also throughout the song. Despite the addition of various

The Body Is a Temple Free Essays

The body is a temple, a saying in the bible that most know even if they have never read the bible. It is a statement that most have taken into account though and lived by religiously; no pun intended. During interviews, an average, or generalized ideal body could be found within what each candidate had to say about themselves and others. We will write a custom essay sample on The Body Is a Temple or any similar topic only for you Order Now This ideal body was identified to be a â€Å"fit† body, but the definitions of fit were somewhat construed. Most people interviewed saw their body as fit, but wanted more change to their body. Others were content with their bodies; they knew they could change for better, but the change was something that was not important because they were set with the bodies they had. What is most important is the fact that the definition of fit can be interchangeable and for different reasons. One definition was recognized as the disciplined lifestyle of becoming toned and exercised within a gym or some other environment; this body type was more ‘enhanced’ looking and more appealing to the majority of society. The other definition described a body that could get through a day without being uncomfortable and could handle most physical activity, but this body type was of those that did not go to the gym every day and did not exercise often. What could be concluded was the fact that both parties that represented each definition wanted change to their body regardless of how they looked. Over the last few weeks, observations were made of how people carried their bodies around on a daily basis. Women wear their makeup, flashy clothes, and seem to put how their bodies look on a pedestal. What this means is that the ideal body type for them is almost unobtainable. Men on the other hand though did not care as much about their outer appearance, but more on what their body shape looked like. One interviewee for example, whose name is William, had a toned body, but still did not see himself as looking good enough. Majority of people would agree in saying that his body type was ideal and that he was good looking enough, but to him, he saw that he needed more change. I like my body, but I do not like it enough, I need more muscle in order to be satisfied in how I look†, these were the words of William; they reflect a self-conscious side to his personality. Since he does not see what others see, he wishes to keep growing through his workouts until he has reached a peak where he can be happy. His wardrobe did not reflect this self-conscious side though; he tries to dress nicely , but does not mind what he wears everyday. In other words, he does not always dress to mpress, but rather wishes to impress with his body shape and physique. Other men interviewed, also agreed that the physique was the most important part to their overall image. Benjamin said, â€Å"I have always been a small guy and this has bugged me, I have always wondered if I was good enough for girls because I was not as ripped or as big as other guys out there. † Benjamin seems to be a confident guy, but this underlying worry did bother him enough to start working out every single day at the Recreational Center. His fashion consisted of jeans everyday and a sweatshirt; he has gauges in his ears and does not go clean-shaven most times. This observation seems to solidify that men do not care about their outer appearance, but more what is underneath. The Recreational Center seems to be a hot spot for men to be found because they want to tone their bodies over anything else in order to feel desirable. Fashion, makeup, and the outer facade that women put on seems to be the priority of a woman’s conscience, if these components are not pristine, then it seemed as if most women were not satisfied. The women interviewed unanimously agreed without hearing others’ opinions that fashion was important to their success in feeling comfortable with themselves, but because their bodies would ‘never’ fit the bill. Even if they had a good body type, there was still something that was not good enough about them, but the opposite gender would disagree. This is why fashion for women is key; the makeup they wear and their perfect outfits cover up the blemishes they feel they have underneath the outer-layers. When it comes to girls and how they dress on campus you can see a stereotypical set of fashion appear per season. When it comes to fall time, Yoga pants are a must. During interviews, most women asked said they wore Yoga pants because they were comfy, but it can be inferred that it also is because it outlines the woman’s body more and women want to show off when they can. Fall fashion also consists of different articles of clothing, but this seems to be the most worn article. Women want to attract men in whatever ways they can, and since the body is the first thing that is judged, the most bodacious of clothing is worn. Such was also seen on Halloween night, scandalous costumes were worn to make seen what types of bodies girls had. Even if girls were not in shape they still tried to look as ‘naughty’ as possible. This was confusing because it really scuffed the respect that women should receive for their hard work to achieve such fit bodies because they were lowering themselves to such a desperate level to impress the guys around campus. Seeing this behavior strikes up the point that women do feel that their bodies are important, but it seems random amongst women. Some like their bodies, but majority feel they have not achieved the perfect body when in fact they have. Discipline is seen in the women because of all the effort that is put into their outer appearance, their bodies are important, but compared to men it is not what matters most to them. â€Å"I spend almost an hour to two hours sometimes to prepare my makeup and hair before I go to class or go out on the weekends. † Words from Lex which were surprising to hear because it does not take much time at all for a man to get ready for the day. She also said, â€Å"My body is never good enough, I need to lose a lot of weight before I can feel good-looking enough for guys out there. This was also surprising to hear because Lex is a good-looking woman and does not look unfit at all. After hearing what each woman had to say it was obvious that being perfect was something they all strived for, but felt like they could never achieve it. There are too many ‘perfect’ people in the world that they look up to and it demeans their success when they really are perfect in many ways. I dolization is more than likely a major cause for people getting their bodies to look the way they do. Celebrities, models, gym junkies, and more all create an image that for some is impossible to reach. But one group that does not need these sorts of images is the people of the Nacirema. A bizarre bunch of men and females, but what they lack is what makes them succeed their own sort of perfect or ideal body. The Nacirema go through tortuous processes in order to achieve what they think is the ideal body. This society believes that the body is ugly and its natural tendency is to debility and decay (Horace Miner). Achieving an ideal body all starts with the shrines and charms they use for different parts of their body. Shrine walls are built within the houses and many charms and potions are kept in these shrines (Horace Miner). There are an abundance of charms and what can be inferred is that keeping these charms helps to reassure that they are still serving their purpose even after they are used up. The practice of using these charms is only a minor step in ridding the body of impurities; a temple where medicine men take members of society is the final step to purification. Bodies are put to the test as grueling activities such as drilling out teeth take place and are filled with random assortments of herbs that supposedly prevent decay. People that enter the temple may not come out because death is certainly possible. Each person’s body is pushed to the extreme, but it is only to prove that they hold the power to be perfect. Something this extreme is not needed in societies around the world, but for the Nacirema people it is necessity. They supersede other cultures because they do not idolize a certain body type and after the rituals have been performed, they know inside that they are worthy of the body they have and to be a part of the people in their society. If cultures such as the one seen at Washington State University could appreciate this sort of lifestyle and not hold celebrities and models at such a high status, then the world would see many more confident people with bodies that they would be proud of. It is part of life to try and obtain a body that majority sees as fit, but seeing how everyone interviewed needed something different to happen with their body in order to feel confident, it is almost as if this sort of peace of mind will never occur. Life today is filled with people battling self-confidence issues. The image of an ideal body is not obtainable because people do not want to see the beauty they behold already. Women wear a mask to cover what they think is ugly, and men hit the gym more than they need to just to achieve a rock hard body that is unnecessary. If more were to hold the values of the Nacirema on a lessened level and boost their self esteem through different acts, then society today could see a much different and possibly brighter mentality that would be shared amongst many. Fashion is an amazing thing and can be appreciated for its many artsy and beautiful additions to how the body looks, but when it becomes only a tool to cover up the inner beauty of the body because of false self-accusations, it cannot be looked at as something spectacular. The body is a temple, how one adorns it, treats it, and appreciates it, is completely up to the person that lives within the body; but when others influence how one’s temple is treated and decorated, that temple can be considered desecrated. Every persons’ body should be respected and loved for what it is because only the thoughts that one creates are important. How to cite The Body Is a Temple, Essay examples

Nursing Career Goals Essay Example For Students

Nursing Career Goals Essay Outline1 Nursing as the best choice for the future profession.2 Nursing as a style of life.3 The main nursing career goals. Nursing as the best choice for the future profession. The choice of the future profession is one of the most difficult decisions that young people have to contend with after they graduate school. This choice can’t be done in a hurry, guided by a temporary fashion or thoughts of relatives or acquaintances. One of the great opportunities offered by higher education institutions is a nurse practitioner. Why should you choose this particular area of study? Nursing career goals essay will give you the best answer to that question. Some work is done mainly to earn money. Other professions are often something bigger a favourite thing, or even a vocation or mission. The second description is ideally suited to the profession of a registered nurse, which doesn’t consist of the daily mechanical, routine performance of the same actions. For proper care of patients, it’s not enough to have self-knowledge and skills acquired during training. This work is highly valued for responsibility, understanding of the problems of other people, indifference to other peoples suffering, the ability to work under pressure and make decisions quickly, stress reliably and to establish contacts with other people easily. It is a combination of two factors: from the one hand, it’s sensitivity and from the other strength and stability. This is extremely important to be ready to face the problems and suffering of others; nurses have to be reliable and supportive to patients. Nursing as a style of life. Nurses, as well as certified nurse assistant daily, meet sick people or those who need support, and their work is to help and alleviate suffering. They are the best sample of the graduates of the faculty of nursing who are largely responsible for making the hospital somewhat less unpleasant and traumatic for some patients. This is a difficult profession, which requires a lot of effort and mental stability. However, for a human who has found his calling in it, it can be a source of enormous satisfaction and self-realisation. The main duties of a nurse include preparing patients for various procedures, assisting the physician during surgery, supervising the treatment process and helping patients while staying in a hospital in the broadest sense of the term. A nurse is an independent health care worker; it means that he/she carries out direct medical supervision of the patient. It should be noted that this profession has a nursing career goals. In contrast to representatives of other, temporarily fashionable occupations, graduates of the faculty of nursing can confidently count on stable employment. They will work without difficulty in various institutions, for example, schools, sanatoriums, medical centers, clinics, hospitals, penitentiaries and institutions related to the care of people. An additional bonus is a trust and respect enjoyed by medical professionals. But it’s impossible to do that without aspirations and furthering. The main nursing career goals. It’s impossible to become a nurse without having some strong nursing career goals. Nursing education has two-levels: you can complete your studies by obtaining a bachelors degree, or you can continue your education in the magistracy. The goals of nursing covers the various skills necessary for the proper performance of the profession: the planning and implementation of nursing supervision, the ability to be a member of a team, adherence to the principles of professional ethics, the implementation of preventive, diagnostic, treatment and rehabilitation measures in compliance with the existing rules, comprehensive and individualized care for the sick, disabled or dying, initiating and supporting local activities aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle, the practical application of knowledge of the theoretic nursing, medical and social sciences, as well as legislation relating to the profession, skillful communication with the patient, his family and other members of the team medical staff. .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d , .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d .postImageUrl , .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d , .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d:hover , .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d:visited , .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d:active { border:0!important; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d:active , .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61840b0aef5df79aa8042460887a480d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty EssayOne of the undoubted advantages of choosing this nursing direction is almost absolute confidence in future employment. In addition, the market is quite large and diverse. In each locality, its specificity may look something different, and we are given the opportunity to choose from among the different types of places of employment. Graduation in the direction of the nursing business doesn’t mean that you will be doomed to work in a hospital: you can successfully realize yourself, for example, in polyclinics, private medical offices, social welfare institutions, various types of daycare or ambulance departments. There are a lot of opportunities, which allows you to adapt the specifics of duties to your own preferences. In addition, foreign languages should be taught many graduates of the nursing direction are judged to go abroad, where they can count on a much higher salary in short-term than at home. It’s difficult to imagine a hospital or a clinic without nurses, which ensure the order in the institution and strictly fulfil the orders of the doctor. They can not only provide physical help but also reassure the patient, give him/her attention.

The Negative Effects of Child Beauty Pageants free essay sample

Beauty pageants have been around in America for decades; however, they have not gained notoriety until the show Toddlers and Tiaras aired on national television. The airing of Toddlers and Tiaras has brought child pageants to the attention of many Americans. Not many people were aware of what took place in beauty pageants, but ever since the show debuted in 2009 there has been an intense controversy about children as young as newborns being entered into pageants. Some people say that pageants raise self-esteem and teach responsibility, whereas others say that pageants are necessary and children should take advantage of their youth. Although pageants teach etiquette and communication skills, ultimately they carry a vastly high risk of potentially damaging the psychological and physical health of the participating children, as well as their development of strong morals. A child that participates in pageants is at risk for developing mental disorders for several reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Child Beauty Pageants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The children are constantly being compared to each other and given negative criticism. A child, especially a female that is going to pay so much attention to her looks and that knows she is being assessed for it, is very prone to develop eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia (Grosaru). Eating disorders start mentally, but once the victim loses control of their thoughts, it is highly likely that it will develop into a physical illness. They are competing solely based on physical beauty; therefore, they are likely to feel inferior about their appearances, which leads to misconceptions about themselves. Beauty pageants unknowingly expose the misconception that to be perfect one must be slim, tan, poised, and facially gifted. When a child steps on the stage to perform in front of the judges, they sense that they must be perfect in order to win, and this perfection is based on a fake and impossible standard to reach. Losing a beauty contest can make a child feel inferior because they lose for things outside of their control, like facial beauty or skin tone. Low self-esteem leads to numerous psychological disorders such as depression or anxiety (Tighe). Depression and anxiety can be fatal if not treated properly at a reasonable time. These children are constantly castigated by the people in their environment causing them to develop self-deceptions that can provoke more serious illnesses. Participation in a beauty pageant requires many sacrifices that endanger the bodily health of the contestant. Through societys eyes, being tan makes a person attractive. Parents take their children to get spray tans before pageants to make them look more appealing. Spray tans are not likely to risk skin cancer because the external layer of skin on our body is dead cells, which give no damage to the skin. Nevertheless, when the child is being spray tanned she is breathing in dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a potential carcinogen because it damages DNA (our genetic code) and causes mutations (Ginsberg). Chemicals such as DHA, are extremely toxic when breathed by children whose lungs have not fully developed. Spray tanning children appear to be harmless as well as advantageous to their success in pageants; however, the deceptive truth is that the chemicals contribute damage to the body in a discreet way. Another major factor that causes a threat to the childrens body is their lack of sleep throughout the pageant, as well as the preparation need for a pageant. Child beauty pageants are time consuming and exhausting; therefore, the children are deprived of sufficient sleep. Cartwright, a registered dietitian and adjunct professor in the University of Arizonas department of nutritional sciences (Blue), attended a child beauty competition with kids as young as 4 months to as old as 15 years old. She witnessed a mass display of emotion along with parents forbidding their kids to rest or take breaks concerned that napping would mess up their childs image (Blue). In the study, the research team from the Bambino Gesu Childrens Hospital in Rome, Italy, found that children with GHD (Growth Hormone Deficiency) got substantially less sleep and lower quality sleep than their normally growing peers. GHD impairs a childs immune system, making the child more vulnerable to illness, as well as weakens the strength of the childs heart and lungs. Children that are deprived of enough sleep are more likely to have stunted growth than children that get enough sleep. Watching their children slowly lose energy due to no rest, parents feed them excessive amounts of sugar and caffeinated drinks to keep them vivacious throughout the whole pageant. Frequent consumption of such components in children puts their health at risk. Caffeine causes a childs body to excrete nutrients such as caffeine and magnesium in their urine. When this happens too often, a childs body does not have the nutrients it needs to produce strong bones (Wonderly). When children consume caffeine, it contributes to the lack of nutrients to develop a strong body structure. Parents who feed their pageant child pure sugar and energy drinks ignore the future consequences of their childs health, and only focus on the situation at hand. Pixie Sticks and energy boosting drinks such as Mountain Dew or Red Bull, are commonly used pageant drugs to aid children to stay energetic and alert. These, among many others, indicate the clear deleterious effects engendered by the parents of beauty pageant children; this proverbial dark side of child beauty pageants cause critics to question whether any prospective gains are worth the tremendous cost to the child. Figure 1: Child Beauty Pageants Controversy On an online survey, the question Do you think the values that child beauty pageants are beneficial or harmful to the participant? was asked. Out of 15 people, 2 said that pageants are beneficial and 13 said they were harmful. Lee, Ahram. Child Beauty Pageant Controversy. Survey. www. facebook.  com. Publisher, 6 Mar. 2013. Web. 8 Mar. 2013 Children who frequently participate in pageants involuntarily develop different values of the way of life due to their surroundings. In figure 1, the number of people who said that beauty pageants teach harmful values outweighed the number of people who said that beauty pageants teach beneficial values. The looking-glass self is a collaborative process that says that people unfold images of themselves based on what they think others view them as. Individuals opinions of themselves consistently change as their perceptions of how others view them shift (Thomas). According to the looking-glass self, if a child beauty pageant contestant is constantly told to that she is perfect, beautiful, and the best, eventually she will result in thinking that she is perfect, beautiful and the best. Those kinds of children will become more demanding and disrespectful because they create their own sense of superiority above others. Toddlers and Tiaras star Eden Wood, age 6, threw a tantrum at the Allure Fashion Week Lounge in New York when she could not get her teeth whitened, the New York Post reported Thursday (Toddlers and Tiaras). It is not ethical for six-year old toddlers to be asking to get their teeth whitened. Eden is a very well-known and adored pageant star, consequently she takes advantage of her place in the pageant world by demanding things not suitable for her age and throwing fits when she does not get what she desires. Children that are always being uplifted and admired become full of themselves and disregard any respect that should be given to others. Eden Wood, age 7, referred directly to a grown woman as gurl and interrogated Wendy Williams about her wig and if it was superficial or not (Gorgan). As childrens experience in the pageant world expands, they develop greater risks for learning inappropriate and unethical morals which will create problems when they have to interact and compromise with different people who possess different values. Teaching children how to expose themselves at a high maturity level, beauty pageants exploit a large amount of sexuality to their child participants. In the situation that a child with a more revealing outfit, than the other children have, wins the Ultimate Grand Supreme title, immediately the rest of the children will start to question why they didnt win the title. Once the kids realize that the more sexual appeal they give to the judges, the more they have a chance of winning, some will make an effort to imitate the gestures, facial expressions and tricks that they have been shown (Kaeser). The children begin to process that to be successful in anything, one must reveal herself in a superficial and sexual way; they become narrow minded and grow up into adolescence falsely thinking that there is only one important thing in this world: physical attractiveness. Some have said that beauty contests are good for children because they boost confidence, teach how to present themself and interact with different people, but as demonstrated in this paper, the risks are simply too high and outweigh those benefits. Child participation in beauty pageants is morally wrong because it twists the childrens malleable minds into troublesome issues that have the potential to endanger the safety of them and their family. Pageants promote unethical behavior that leads to unintentional psychological and corporeal defects that may be imperishable.

If Only She Had Listen to Me- Short Story Essays

If Only She Had Listen to Me- Short Story Essays If Only She Had Listen to Me- Short Story Essay If Only She Had Listen to Me- Short Story Essay Friendship is a feeling of love of one person for another. Its not necessary to choose whom to be your friend,your best friend. The friendship between one person and another are always in different ways. The feelings, the sentiments are not similar.. I knew her since kindergarten. Her name is Kristen, she came from a rich family. She can easily have whatever she wants because she was the only child in her family. Her father is a successful business man. And her mother was a great spender. And Im her best friend. She used to be a stubborn one and never listen to others. She always think that she is the perfect one and she was right. She would never listen to the advice. She is so herself. Because of her behavior , she seemed to be so lonely among friends. I bet nobody likes her in school , especially the discipline teacher. People were wondering how i could stand her behavior and still so good to her. What did she meant to me? Friend. I treat her as my best friend, because I knew that her attitude is different from her personalities. I knew that She has everything exept love. Kristen always turn up to amusement park instead of tuition class. he was lost in a materialistic life. Then she met a guy. She fell in love with a jobless guy. In my mind, true friend should involve in inspiring their friends to walk on the right path, no ridiculous mistakes. Ive begging her not to simply fall I love with pleasure seeking guys. And Im extraordinary sured that she was stepping on the thinnest ice. Which could ruin her in anytime. I told her to promise me that s he would not do the wrong things, also respect her mother. i promised, i will. she had said. Of course, she wont. She started to absent for school. I were in her house on the day that her mum found out she played truant . Her mum loose control, then they scream and shout to each other after starting a conversation. The relationship between she and mother was very bad. No discussion between them but only quarreling all the time. Ive been trying so hard to persuade her to be a obedient daughter , respect her mother. But she would never listen. Time after time she was trying to leave her house. I used to visit her so often , because I knew what she really lacked of. She was loosing her weight day after day. Get thin and thinner . I wondered why she dont satisfied of her body size. Until one Saturday night ! She hug and cried on my shoulder and babbling on everythings. That was the first time she did this to me since we met. I thought she was strong , but she wasnt . She felt she gain no love   but relatives and friends that looked down on her and parents that shouted to her oftentimes. The next morning, i had a sudden phone call from her mother, saying that she was missing. We tried so hard to find her on every single day. About one year later, Kristen returned in a thin, sick physical conditions. The scene in my mind is still so clear . Kristen was squatting on the floor in the kitchen,with hands on head. Her skin and lips were dry and her unfocused eyes filled with tears. She never stop snivel , and her nose was dripping like a water tap. I guessed I knew what had happened to her. My heart was suffocating , her mum cried on her : Kris ! I told you to behave ! And you! Why? Why did you do this ? and I added , I know you doesnt intend to become a drug addict . Kristen , come back back please. We will help you and your father is on the way home to help you ! We will be with you.    Kristen spoke with a smile of despair thank you ,my friend ,for everything. But , but its too late , Im pregnant . she picked a knife from behind and stabbed herself on the stomach and blood ame out and she fell , faced Dow the floor. My heart stop beating for a few seconds and I heard she whispered . Im sorry , mother . she close her eyes , blood dripping from her lifeless body . Death is simple , easy . Life is harder. What im thinking is, This incident wont go so bad if only she had listen to me.

Strategic Marketing of The North Face Case Study

Strategic Marketing of The North Face - Case Study Example The company obtains a competitive position of the market and a strong band image. Its innovations and product development strategies support its further growth and open new market opportunities. When product life cycles are short (or consumers demands are changed) technological improvement becomes an essential requirement of company strategy. The aim of strategic marketing is to meet the needs and expectations of customers, and the organization's ability and capacity to satisfy them. For this matching process to take place successfully, a company must understand who is the customer and what value is required, and how best to deliver this value on a sustainable basis in line with the organization's overall corporate objectives. The North Face is one of the companies which develops unique strategies and marketing approach in order to compete on the market and increase sales. The North Face is a specialty retailer which 'designed, manufactured and sold high quality outdoor equipment and clothing" (Mezzatesta and Cook 743). The mission of the North Face is to reach wider target market and expend its activities to new markets. The strategic aim is a continuous growth and expansion into new products. High quality is used as a strategic weapon and the aim of The North Face is to maintain high quality standards at costs lower than competitors. The current objective of the company is to find the best way to distribute the new skiwear line. Also, the objective is to remain a market leader and strengthen its dealer structure around the world. 3.2. External Environment The North Face operates on the dynamic market where the main objective is to maintain successful marketing communication strategies, implement high product quality and develop strategies to improve customer relations and manufacturing. The purpose of the North Face is to get and keep a customer proposing high quality innovative products. Political-legal forces acting upon the North Face allocate power and provide constraining and protecting laws and regulations. The company does not influenced greatly by political and legal changes. In spite of the fact that the North Face is a US-based company, it is affected by international trade regulations and laws. Environmental changes suggest that the opening up of the market and the resultant increased competition has widened the perspective of the planning framework with profound implications. Thus, the main threat for the North Face is that its competitors begin to copy its products. The social environment includes general forces that do n ot directly touch on the short. Economic forces regulate the exchange of materials, money, energy, and information. This environment proposes great challenges for the North Fac

E.H. Carr and Historical Thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E.H. Carr and Historical Thought - Essay Example Though to properly assess the academic value and relevance of his claim, it is first necessary to analyze the broader intellectual context to which Carr sought to make a contribution. As such, it will be necessary to briefly address the very same question he himself posed, for the pragmatic purpose of assessing the accuracy of his claims. The American historian and political philosopher Allan Bloom, in his cultural jeremiad on the state of university education in the closing decades of the twentieth century, lamented what he saw as the contemptuous antagonism felt for one another by the aforementioned three main divisions of modern academia. According to Bloom: While both social science and humanities are more or less willingly awed by natural science, they have mutual contempt for one another, the former looking down on the latter as unscientific, the latter regarding the former as a philistine. They do not cooperate. And most important, they occupy much of the same ground. Many of the classic books now a part of the humanities talk about the same things as do social scientists but use different methods and draw different conclusions;... (1987, p. 357) And yet history does not easily fit into any of these main categories. History, unlike the natural sciences, cannot conduct a controlled experiment because its object of study, being the past, is incapable of being ‘recreated.’ Bloom made note of this general dilemma, that is, the categorization of the work of the historian. History may not, on the other hand, claim to be a social science: its goal is not to predict human action (as is the case in any sort of study of human behavior), but rather to understand past actions (Bloom 1987, pp. 243-380). Thus, in many ways, history enjoys a sort of liminal existence which transcends the natural and social sciences, not to mention the humanities.

Sustainable Business Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Sustainable Business Development - Essay Example , burning of coal and extraction of oil require abundant energy sources as well it places very high demands on water resources adding up to a huge and costly impact towards the production process (Nehring 2009, 3074). Pollution results as a by-product of the process and is considered as a negative externality. The production of fossil fuels resulting in air and water pollution is through oil spills, dumping of the waste materials into water sources  and emission of toxic gases into the environment. The more fossil fuel is produced, the more environmental pollution results (Levitan et al. 2014, 122). The company’s producing the fuels may bear some of the associated costs of pollution, but not all  and the remaining costs are borne by the society. Air pollution is associated with the production of greenhouse gases that are associated with climate change resulting in the occurrence of floods, droughts and loss of coastal land. It is important to have property rights imposed by the government to control pollution emission. The government should also be involved in introducing regulation rules, taxation and legislation in an effort of pollution control. This entails passing legislation such as clean air act to address the situation (Aydin et al. 2011, 201). The community should also be involved in reporting pollution matters to the authority to prevent negative externalities of pollution. The cost of fossil fuel production is very high. This entails the cost of labor of mining coal and drilling the oil, the cost involved in building the energy generating plants, cost of transportation of the oil into plants for processing and the cost involved in the manufacturing of the final products. As a result, the fuel prices become expensive to the consumer. Fossil fuel is a non-renewable source of energy, and the reserves are finite (Mohr & Evans 2010, par 1). According to the rate of extraction that takes place it will not take too long before the supply is exhausted. As a

The Human Service Movement Social Work Essay

The Human Service Movement Social Work Essay After the World War II, there was an important part of the legislative which is the National Mental Act of 1946. For more than 50 years, since its establishment was authorized by Congress in 1946, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has created, shaped, and implemented the attitudes toward, policies for, and treatment response to the mentally ill in the United States (Judd, 1998). They had the funds that were available to support research teachings and education to help the people with mental illnesses. In 1955, the Mental Health Study Act was passed. This act called for studies that focus on major issues in the mental health fields. They had promoted research training in discovery in the brain and behavioral sciences, charting mental illness trajectories to determine when, where, and how to intervene, and develop new and better interventions that  incorporate  the diverse needs and circumstances of people with mental illnesses (National Institute of Mental Health, 201 2). This led to the Mental Health Act of 1955 to initiate the passage of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health (Harris, Maloney, Rother, pg. 26). From this act it unfolded to political steps towards the Community Mental Health Centers of 1963. In 1963, decision led to the passage of the Community Mental Health Centers. The center was a place to encourage active user participation in the development of mental health policy that has seen an increased focus on collaboration and the development of partnerships between service users and professionals within community mental health services (Elstad Hellzen, 2010). They gain more knowledge about people with mental problems living in a community. The purpose of the legislation was to be able to reach out, counsel, and provide services that are coordinate to be offer to the community centers (Harris, Maloney, Rother, pg. 26). Community Mental Health Centers Acts were intended for changing the society as a whole and by solving what social problems there were. After the Community Mental Health Centers Act we got into the other legislative acts that were developed in the field of human service such as the Economic Opportunity Act and the Schneurer Sub-professional Career Act. The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 was the focus of the fight against war on poverty in which was an important part of legislation that had an impact in the field of human services. The purpose for this act was to provide education to adults, provide job trainings and loans  to help small businesses because of the unemployment and poverty rate. The objective was to help the poor by enabling them to pull themselves from the grip of poverty. In 1966, the Schneuer Sub-professional Career Act was put into place to provide the opportunity for the disadvantage to enter into new jobs in the mental health field. According to Harris, Maloney and Rother, during these formal training students learned the skills necessary to work with variety of clients and other health professionals (pg. 26). This led to the act to open up more doors for people to transition to other fields in mental health. The National Organization for Human Service Education (NOHSE) and Council for Standards in Human Service Education (CSHSE) were to encourage best practices for preparing human service workers. Although these two groups share common goals, they do serve different purposes. NOHSE has to ensure medium is available for collaboration and cooperation among students, practitioners, and their agencies, and faculty (Harris, Maloney, Rother, pg. 31). They had to improve the education of human service students and professionals by cultivating exemplary teaching and research practices and by curriculum development (Harris, Maloney, Rother, pg. 31). The other two main purposes according to Harris, Maloney and Rother, was by abetting and providing assistance to other organizations at local, state, and national levels, and to improve human service education and delivery through conferences, institutes, publications and symposia (pg. 31). This organization was developed to serve the needs of the f aculty. The Council for Standards in Human Service Education in 1979 via from the National Institute for Mental Health grants (Harris, Maloney, Rother, pg. 31). They are intentionally general to strike a balance between clearly stated principles and enough flexibility to avoid constraining natural diversity among programs for students (CSHSE, 2012). Under the CSHSE there are the five functions (Harris, Maloney, Rother, pg. 32): Standard for training programs at the associates and baccalaureate degree levels. Review and recognize programs that meet standards. Sponsoring faculty development workshops in curriculum design, program policymaking, resource development, program evaluation, and other areas. Offering vital and informational assistance to programs seeking to improve the quality and relevance of their training. Publishing a quarterly bulletin to keep programs informed of Council activities, training information and resources, and issues and trends in human service education. In the field of human services, these legislations will continue to improve from its historical traditions through the knowledge, skills and values we gain from it. The efforts of these acts in the human service field will only provide quality educational programs that will evolved as a direct result of the program approval progresses. We need human service professionals who will be able to give people that kind of help that are needed to get by. Laws that will help protect the people with mental illnesses.

Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union :: Politics Government Europe Essays

The sovereign nations of the past can no longer solve the problems of the present; they cannot ensure their own progress or control their own future. The essential thing is to hold fast to the few fixed principles that have guided us since the beginning: gradually to create among Europeans the broadest common interest, served by common democratic institutions to which the necessary sovereignty has been delegated.  ¨CJean Monnet, Memoirs In his book After Victory, John Ikenberry examines what states do with the power that comes after winning major wars. He believes the desire to maintain power encourages the states to seek ways to limit their own power to keep other states happy. Increasingly these limits are found in international institutions used to create  ¡Ã‚ °strategic restraint ¡Ã‚ ± on power. Ikenberry believes increasing reliance upon institutions causes the postwar order to increasingly take on constitutional characteristics. In this paper I am primarily interested in the institutions of the European Union. More specifically I would like to examine the European Union ¡Ã‚ ¯s struggle to develop its own institutions for maintaining international order. These are collectively known as its Common Foreign and Security Policy. Europe's Collective Security The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union (EU) was officially established by the Maastricht Treaty and became operational in 1993. However, the European Union has been concerned about collective security since its humble beginnings as an experiment in integrated economy in post-World War II Europe. After the conclusion of World War II, Europe as well as the rest of the world struggled to determine what Germany ¡Ã‚ ¯s future should be. Some nations wanted to strip Germany of its industry and turn the entire country into farmland. Fortunately, there were those with the foresight to realize the only way to keep Europe safe was to rebuild Germany and work together to build a European Community. These men included Robert Schuman, Konrad Adenauer and Jean Monnet. Their vision of Europe was one where individual nations would share some of their sovereignty in exchange for a chance for peace. According to Pascal Fontaine,  ¡Ã‚ °success depended on limiting objectives to specific areas, with a major psychological impact, and introducing a joint decision-making mechanism which would gradually be given additional responsibilities. ¡Ã‚ ± The first area that was chosen for Franco-German integration was steel and coal production. European Coal and Steel Community